Thứ Hai, 30 tháng 4, 2012

Japan helps Vietnam control expressways

Kinh Doanh | harvard university |

Japan will provide 527 million JPY (6.3 million USD) for Vietnam to implement a project to develop a traffic control system for expressways in Hanoi.



An exchange note to this effect was signed in Hanoi on Mar 29 between the Vietnamese Ministry of Transport, the Japanese Embassy in Vietnam and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in Vietnam .

Apart from building highways for socio-economic development in recent years, the Ministry of Transport and JICA have cooperated in applying the intelligent transport system (ITS) in Vietnam .

The project includes installing and putting the system into operation on Hanoi Belt Highway 3 from Highway 5 to Phap Van and Cau Gie.

The project is scheduled to be carried out from the second quarter of 2012 to the fourth quarter of 2013.-VNA
Theo en.baomoi.com

Hanoi and Beijing youth bolster ties

tin tuc | harvard university |

The discussion was held following talks between Vice Secretary of the Hanoi chapter of the HCMCYU Nguyen Thi Nga and Deputy Secretary of the CCYL Beijing Committee Yang Lixian, in Hanoi on March 28.





The CCYL Beijing Committee proposed to coordinate with the Hanoi chapter to facilitate youth creativity and youth-run businesses.

The Hanoi chapter invited the CCYL Beijing Committee to become involved in the friendship meeting between Hanoi and Beijing youths slated for November this year and the 14th Congress of the HCMCYU Hanoi chapter in October this year.

At the talks, the two sides informed each other about their organisational apparatus and shared experiences in youth activities.

Hanoi introduced its model of voluntary youths in traffic management and environmental protection with 1,000 voluntary students keeping watch at traffic intersections during rush hour and a team of volunteers setting out to eradicate illegal advertisements at hotspots in Hanoi on Saturdays.

The Beijing Committee gave a detailed description of the legitimate rights and privileges of the city's youth, especially educational and developmental rights.

The Beijing Committee said it has established a council to prevent crimes among youth and help youths who had committed crimes.

It also opened a hotline with more than 1,200 psychologists, legal experts and professional students, to consult and detect pressing youth issues.-VNA
Theo en.baomoi.com

Op-Ed Columnist

tin tuc tong hop | harvard university |

Nobody knows what the Supreme Court will decide with regard to the Affordable Care Act. But, after this week’s hearings, it seems quite possible that the court will strike down the "mandate" — the requirement that individuals purchase health insurance — and maybe the whole law. Removing the mandate would make the law much less workable, while striking down the whole thing would mean denying health coverage to 30 million or more Americans.

Broccoli and Bad Faith

By PAUL KRUGMAN
Published: March 29, 2012
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Given the stakes, one might have expected all the court’s members to be very careful in speaking about both health care realities and legal precedents. In reality, however, the second day of hearings suggested that the justices most hostile to the law don’t understand, or choose not to understand, how insurance works. And the third day was, in a way, even worse, as antireform justices appeared to embrace any argument, no matter how flimsy, that they could use to kill reform.

Let’s start with the already famous exchange in which Justice Antonin Scalia compared the purchase of health insurance to the purchase of broccoli, with the implication that if the government can compel you to do the former, it can also compel you to do the latter. That comparison horrified health care experts all across America because health insurance is nothing like broccoli.

Why? When people choose not to buy broccoli, they don’t make broccoli unavailable to those who want it. But when people don’t buy health insurance until they get sick — which is what happens in the absence of a mandate — the resulting worsening of the risk pool makes insurance more expensive, and often unaffordable, for those who remain. As a result, unregulated health insurance basically doesn’t work, and never has.

There are at least two ways to address this reality — which is, by the way, very much an issue involving interstate commerce, and hence a valid federal concern. One is to tax everyone — healthy and sick alike — and use the money raised to provide health coverage. That’s what Medicare and Medicaid do. The other is to require that everyone buy insurance, while aiding those for whom this is a financial hardship.

Are these fundamentally different approaches? Is requiring that people pay a tax that finances health coverage O.K., while requiring that they purchase insurance is unconstitutional? It’s hard to see why — and it’s not just those of us without legal training who find the distinction strange. Here’s what Charles Fried — who was Ronald Reagan’s solicitor general — said in a recent interview with The Washington Post: "I’ve never understood why regulating by making people go buy something is somehow more intrusive than regulating by making them pay taxes and then giving it to them."

Indeed, conservatives used to like the idea of required purchases as an alternative to taxes, which is why the idea for the mandate originally came not from liberals but from the ultra-conservative Heritage Foundation. (By the way, another pet conservative project — private accounts to replace Social Security — relies on, yes, mandatory contributions from individuals.)

So has there been a real change in legal thinking here? Mr. Fried thinks that it’s just politics — and other discussions in the hearings strongly support that perception.

I was struck, in particular, by the argument over whether requiring that state governments participate in an expansion of Medicaid — an expansion, by the way, for which they would foot only a small fraction of the bill — constituted unacceptable "coercion." One would have thought that this claim was self-evidently absurd. After all, states are free to opt out of Medicaid if they choose; Medicaid’s "coercive" power comes only from the fact that the federal government provides aid to states that are willing to follow the program’s guidelines. If you offer to give me a lot of money, but only if I perform certain tasks, is that servitude?

Yet several of the conservative justices seemed to defend the proposition that a federally funded expansion of a program in which states choose to participate because they receive federal aid represents an abuse of power, merely because states have become dependent on that aid. Justice Sonia Sotomayor seemed boggled by this claim: "We’re going to say to the federal government, the bigger the problem, the less your powers are. Because once you give that much money, you can’t structure the program the way you want." And she was right: It’s a claim that makes no sense — not unless your goal is to kill health reform using any argument at hand.

As I said, we don’t know how this will go. But it’s hard not to feel a sense of foreboding — and to worry that the nation’s already badly damaged faith in the Supreme Court’s ability to stand above politics is about to take another severe hit.

Theo www.nytimes.com

Netting Tiny Eels and Big Profits

Anh ngu | harvard university |

The next two months will bring sleepless nights and high anxiety — and quite possibly an extraordinary windfall — for a small universe of people in Maine. They are the lucky few with licenses to catch elvers — young, tiny eels that look like cellophane noodles and by some accounts are fetching up to $2,200 per pound this spring.

Craig Dilger for The New York Times

Suzanne Smith, left, and John Taylor on Thursday gathered the elvers that they caught in their nets overnight in Pemaquid, Me.

By ABBY GOODNOUGH
Published: March 29, 2012
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Ms. Smith prepared her eel catch while Mr. Taylor tended to their nets in Pemaquid, Me., on Thursday.

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The tiny but highly profitable young eels are a hot commodity in Asia and high-end American restaurants.

Elvers are a hot commodity in Asia, where aquaculture farms grow them to adult size and sell them for sushi and other food. They are believed to spawn in the Sargasso Sea and drift on currents to Maine, where they make their way to fresh water and, from March 22 through May 31, into the waiting nets of some 400 elver fishermen. The action takes place overnight, when elvers are most active.

Maine is one of only two states, along with South Carolina, where elver fishing is still allowed. And with Asian demand especially high — last year’s tsunami curbed supply in Japan, and Europe has cracked down on exporting eels — a gold rush of sorts is on along the rivers and streams of coastal Maine. Since the season began last week, stories have abounded of people making a small fortune in an often hard-luck state.

"The first two days of the season were extremely amazing," said Bill Quinby, an exporter based in Charleston, S.C., who shipped about 90 pounds of elvers to South Korea on Tuesday after buying them from Maine fishermen. "People were making $30,000, $40,000 a night."

Takes like that have brought poachers out in force. Gov. Paul R. LePage signed emergency legislation on Thursday increasing fines for unlicensed elver fishing to $2,000, up from a maximum $500. The law also stiffens penalties for catching elvers before the season starts and tampering with the nets that they are caught in. Prices have dropped this week, though they remain far higher than in previous years. David Smith, a licensed elver fisherman from Southwest Harbor, said they were down to about $1,750 per pound, perhaps because the catch was so abundant in the first few days of the season.

"It may be the buyers think, based on Thursday night’s harvest, 'There’s going to be plenty of eels; we don’t need to pay this kind of money,’ " Mr. Smith said. "But it may bounce back up. Who knows?"

Asked whether he did well last week, Mr. Smith put it this way: "I’m having a little addition put on my house, and I think I just paid for half the windows and doors."

Mr. Smith’s wife is usually his only company when he catches elvers from a tributary in a secluded part of Mount Desert Island. But in other parts of the state, fishermen cluster along the banks of some waterways and fight to protect their spots.

"I had to sit there for three days before the season opened, slept in my truck, just to stake out my position," said John Taylor, an elver fisherman from Newcastle, Me., who did not want the location of his nets revealed. "I had to actually let another guy take the spot — otherwise, he was going to fight me for it. And I wasn’t going to go to jail, knowing what kind of season was ahead of me."

Elver prices fluctuate from year to year — the creatures brought about $900 per pound last year, some fishermen said, but far less in the past. People often catch between 20 and 40 pounds in a good season, Mr. Smith said, though he has heard rumors of experts landing 50 pounds in one night.

Richard Blake, a longtime buyer, said poachers were coming "right out of the woodwork." Some unscrupulous types have even tried selling him young eels that he suspects came from other states, he said.

"Most of the eel dealers up here are smart enough to know if the product being offered didn’t come from the state of Maine," Mr. Blake said. "Anyone that I’m not sure about, I send down the road." Mr. Quinby said some dealers are "walking around with security because of all the cash they carry from buying elvers in the middle of the night."

High-end restaurants in the United States sometimes put elvers on the menu, perhaps fried or sautéed in olive oil with garlic. Dan Scofield, a buyer for Pierless Fish, a Brooklyn dealer, said the company had supplied elvers to Daniel in New York, French Laundry in Northern California and other top American restaurants in the past. But, he said, prices this year are too high.

The future of the fishery is not clear: the federal Fish and Wildlife Service is considering listing the American eel as threatened or endangered. Already, elver fishing is not allowed two days each week during the season for conservation purposes.

Mr. Smith, for one, does not mind the break. On some nights during elver season, he fishes until 2 or 3 a.m. and turns to his primary vocation, a crab processing business, at 4 in the morning.

"I inevitably in the next two months will suffer from sleep deprivation," he said. "There was one spell last year when I got about three hours’ sleep in three days and then my wife took the car keys away."

Theo www.nytimes.com

Study Shows Opiate Abuse by Some US Forces with Mental Disorders

giao duc | school teacher |

The case against a U.S. soldier who is accused of killing 17 civilians in Afghanistan has focused attention on the mental health problems some soldiers experience after years of combat. War veterans with a condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, were twice as likely to be on high-risk drugs as those with no mental health issues.

The U.S. war in Afghanistan is the longest military conflict in American history. Many of the troops who have fought there also saw combat in Iraq. Doctors say at least one third returned with mental health problems.

Dr. Michael Yochelson was part of a military medical team that assessed returning soldiers for post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury.

"I think it's going to be really critical that those personnel are identified and get into therapies quickly," Yochelson said.

But what kind of therapies are most effective?  Researchers studied a group of more than 140,000 U.S. military veterans who had served in Iraq and Afghanistan between 2005 and 2010, and who had been prescribed an opioid -- a narcotic -- within a year of getting a pain diagnosis at a veterans' hospital.

Dr. Karen Seal is a co-author of the study. "Veterans who had a mental health diagnosis, but particularly PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) were far more likely than their counterparts without mental health problems to receive opiate pain medication," Seal said.

Veterans with PTSD were 2 1/2 times more likely to be on these narcotics.  The researchers also were also concerned about the quantity of drugs prescribed.

"These patients tend to receive higher dose opiates than their counterparts and would request early refills of their opiates, which indicates that they are using them more quickly than they should be," Seal said.

Many of the veterans on these drugs -- whether they were mentally ill or not -- had higher rates of accidents, alcoholism, violent injuries, suicides and overdoses.  Seal says the findings demonstrate that alternative methods of treatment, such as physical therapy, talk therapy or acupuncture, should be offered more widely.

"The study really woke us up to the reality of the serious adverse consequences that can occur with the use of opiates in returning Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who have pain and mental health problems," Seal said.

Yochelson says treating post-traumatic stress disorder will take more than a quick fix.

"Frankly, if they've been on multiple deployments and perhaps been there for 12 or 18 months or longer, or even over a period of several years, several deployments and never had it addressed until now, I think that treatment period may be going on for several years and maybe indefinitely," Yochelson said.

The study was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Theo www.voanews.com

Restringing a Famous Last Name

may tinh tien | school teacher |

Jenny Lauren Steps Into Her Own

Erin Baiano for The New York Times

Jenny Lauren, 39, in the sunny Upper East Side studio where she makes her jewelry.

By RACHEL FELDER
Published: April 6, 2012
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YOU might expect the jewelry designer Jenny Lauren to have a head start in the business: She's the niece of Ralph and the daughter of his brother Jerry, the executive vice president for men's design at the fashion behemoth. But her big retail break came from an unlikely source: Urban Zen, the small chain that Ralph Lauren's contemporary (and some might say competitor), Donna Karan, helped found.

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Ms. Lauren's jewelry, made of a mix of beads and bits in bone, brass, coconut wood, silver and glass, includes chunky unisex chokers and bracelets, metal chains, dangling earrings and extremely long women's necklaces.

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Erin Baiano for The New York Times

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Erin Baiano for The New York Times

Not that Ms. Lauren deliberately approached the Karan store with a sales pitch, or even a plan beyond a quick afternoon browse. Last September, she stopped by Urban Zen's boutique in Sag Harbor, N.Y., wearing a neckful of the flapper-meets-hippie extra-long beaded necklaces she makes by hand. The store manager, unaware of her design lineage, admired them and offered her a trunk show on the spot. When it was held at the shop a few weeks later, Uncle Ralph stopped by and decided he needed the jewelry for his stores, too.

"Ralph just said to me, 'This is not because Jenny's my niece,' " Jerry Lauren said proudly. " 'You know, this stuff is terrific.' "

The jewelry does suggest a family influence. It's a mix of beads and bits in bone, brass, coconut wood, silver and glass that feels a little American Indian, and a lot "Out of Africa," with a touch of prepster-on-vacation earthiness. "I don't think it's an accident," Ms. Lauren said. "There's no way that growing up in my family and being around the looks my whole life didn't seep in."

But a childhood spent in that picture-perfect family, a tight-knit clan that could be a group of extras from a Polo ad, wasn't easy for Ms. Lauren, who battled an eating disorder and related health problems during her teens and 20s. (She documented those experiences in a 2004 book, "Homesick: A Memoir of Family, Food and Finding Hope.")

These days, at age 39, she seems comfortable in her own skin and with her own look, which is more eclectic artist than all-American, accessorized by the chipped nails and pallor of a type-A creative sort who works mostly at night. In an interview she seemed unpretentious and earthy, without any of the slickness you might expect from someone raised in Manhattan with boldface names in the background.

Still, she's close to her family, including her high-profile first cousins David, the executive vice president for global advertising, marketing and communications at Ralph Lauren; and Dylan, of Candy Bar fame. (Ralph Lauren's other son, Andrew, is a film producer.) She has two older brothers: Brad, who is in the restaurant business, and Greg Lauren , an artist, former actor and founder of a clothing line under his name, sold at Barneys New York, that suggests his uncle's garments deconstructed and turned into costumes for the fight scenes in "The Hunger Games."

Ms. Lauren's jewelry, which has a hand-touched, intentionally raw feel, shares some of the rough-and-tumble look of her brother's collection. It includes chunky unisex chokers and bracelets that men have been pairing with button-down oxfords and suits, vintage-y metal chains with a cluster of hammered medallions and simpler dangling earrings with textured beads from Kenya and Ghana.

The standouts are those extremely long women's necklaces — essentially, extra exaggerated opera length — which each have an ever-so-slightly jarring combination of colors and materials, like delicate little deep-red Czech glass beads and pale-gray granite stones from Mali, acquired mostly during the last two decades, when the designer hopscotched from Santa Fe, N.M., and Tucson to Paris.

Although she has been beading since she was a teenager, most of her adult life has been focused on other art-related endeavors, like painting, working in galleries and studying art therapy. But last year, Ms. Lauren found herself returning to jewelry, mostly as an escape from prolonged grieving over losing her mother, Susan, to lung cancer in October 2008. "I feel like a cat with nine lives," she said. "I feel very grateful that I've had so many different careers and interests and that they've culminated into something that's so fulfilling."

By last May, she was spending most of her time at a rented house in Wainscott, N.Y., obsessively beading, mostly late at night. Friends who saw the work liked it, and many bought pieces as gifts, but it wasn't until her encounter at Urban Zen that Ms. Lauren started to think her jewelry could become a business.

Jenny Lauren Jewelry, (or JLJ, as the tiny brass hangtag on most of the pieces reads) isn't cheap, starting at $350 for earrings and some of her simpler metal necklaces, to $5,000 for one of the long necklaces, which have names like Wonder Woman, Red Desert and Lioness. But Ms. Lauren said she considered her work a hybrid of art and fashion, with each item made by hand (often with rare beads, although she doesn't use precious stones) in her sunny Upper East Side studio.

As for that famous last name, Ms. Lauren thinks that making jewelry — the only creative medium she has explored that has a connection to fashion — has liberated her from its baggage. "For the first time in my life, I don't feel like it's been an albatross," she said.

Theo www.nytimes.com

The Ethicist

Vu Quang Hung | school teacher |

My wife and I retained a "fertility consultant" to help us find an egg donor who matched some of my wife's diverse ethnic background, which, as we explained, is part ethnic Hawaiian. After a month of dead ends, we asked the consultant directly whether she had searched any Hawaiian donor agencies. She said no, and that she would not do so in the future. Now she refuses to refund our retainer. Did she behave ethically? NAME WITHHELD, CHICAGO

Donor Agent Provocateur

By ARIEL KAMINER
Published: April 6, 2012
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As a matter of professional ethics, no, the counselor should not have taken you on as clients if you made clear that you were interested in a service she did not intend to provide. That part is simple. The rest of it is anything but.

All prospective parents have ideas — fantasies, really, though I don't mean that disparagingly — about the shapes their families will take. Those ideas shouldn't be subject to anyone else's dictates. But they shouldn't be taken at face value, either. And they certainly shouldn't be taken as universal.

For starters, if your fantasy is a child who resembles your wife, be forewarned that choosing a donor who shares your ethnicity might not get you there. Common ethnicity won't guarantee a close genetic resemblance; given all the unseen variables, two people who have a common heritage might be further apart genetically than two people who do not. In any case, less than 6 percent of Hawaii's population identifies itself as "ethnically Hawaiian." Who knows what the numbers are among the state's egg donors?

Choosing a donor of the same ethnicity wouldn't guarantee a close physical resemblance, either. As in any other group, one ethnic Hawaiian might look like the world's most beautiful linebacker; another might look like a homely blade of grass. Your wife's doppelgänger could be in another state, or even on another continent.

These might seem like purely logistical considerations, but they hint at why a preference that seems almost too straightforward to mention isn't straightforward at all. Not all families, as it turns out, want a kid who resembles them. Lots of parents hope their children will be new and improved versions of themselves, which might include looking either more or less "ethnic" than they do. Meanwhile others dream of children who bear no resemblance to them whatsoever. According to a leading fertility specialist in New York, some couples come to her specifically looking for egg donors whose backgrounds differ from their own. One Anglo woman said she hoped to find a Japanese donor.

Her desire obviously reflects some pretty complex ideas about race. A donor who matches your (or your wife's) background is a common desire, but that doesn't make it less complex. Perhaps you feel that it's better for children to grow up among their own, or that it's kinder to children not to broadcast the complexities of their conception. All respectable positions, to be sure. But all particular positions, which 10 other couples might argue 10 different ways.

So by all means, press your case with the fertility consultant. But also give some thought to the assumptions that might be shaping your search and to their possible ethical implications. With a subject as muddled as race or ethnicity, those assumptions (which we all harbor, in one form or another) are always worth scrutinizing. But never more so than when they are being projected onto an innocent new life.

E-mail queries to ethicist@nytimes.com and include a daytime phone number.

Theo www.nytimes.com

African Musicians Forced to Cancel Concerts After US Visa Hurdles

may tinh bang moi | school teacher |

Two members of popular Ghanaian hip-hop group Fokn Bois, artists Wanlov the Kubolor and Mensa, were invited to play shows in New York City this year.
Some popular African musicians face visa hurdles when booking U.S. shows.
Photo: photos.com
Some popular African musicians face visa hurdles when booking U.S. shows.

After performing at venues throughout Europe and South Africa, they said a trip to the U.S. to visit another side of their worldwide audience should have been a routine matter. But the duo was forced to cancel the concerts when U.S. officials denied Wanlov a visa.

"I applied in Accra, and I was denied a visa," he said. "They are telling me the reason they are denying me a visa is because I have a son and a wife that are American and live in Los Angeles, and because I've never applied for a green card. So the only way I can come to America is if I apply for a green card."

Wanlov had applied for a performance visa.  A green card is an immigrant visa for applicants intending to live in the US. But Wanlov said he has no intention of moving and just wants to play shows for his American fans.

The Ghanaian group is not the only act from West Africa that has been forced to cancel U.S. concerts because of visa difficulties.

Sierra Leonean musician Sorie Kondi was invited to play at the popular South by Southwest Festival in Austin, Texas earlier this year. Though Kondi was not denied a visa, he was not granted one in time either. He submitted his paperwork at the U.S. embassy in Freetown with what he was told was sufficient time for processing before his trip. But as the concert dates approached with no word about his visa application, Kondi was forced to cancel for fear he would not get the visa in time.

"A week before the proposed trip, they actually approved the visa, but by that time it was kind of off the table," said Boima Tucker, a New York-based DJ who was collaborating to help Tucker make it to the US. "We had cancelled all the gig plans and the airline flight would have been way too expensive at the last second. And plus Sorie needs to travel with a caretaker and so all the costs are double, because he's blind."

Wanlov said problems like these make it hard for popular African musicians to play in the U.S., no matter what level of success they enjoy.

"We do shows all the time all around the world," he said. "For me it's a very silly situation that I've been put in. I was just invited to come there for a week, financially I'm stable. I've seen over 20 countries in the past three years, from the music and from touring and stuff and yet there's this whole notion that I want to move to the United States."

Wanlov said U.S. consular officials told him his only options were to apply for a green card or get a divorce, so he does not foresee future U.S. tour dates. But bandmate Mensa said the group is hopeful they will manage to get to the U.S. one day.

Tucker said Kondie is hoping to schedule new performances for later this year. He will have to reapply for a new visa.

Theo www.voanews.com

Scientists Discover Genetic Mutations Linked to Autism

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Three new studies have uncovered extremely rare genetic mutations that shed new light on the potential environmental and biological roots of autism, a brain disorder that causes social and developmental delays in children, beginning at a young age.  Scientists say the DNA glitches found in a small subset of autistic children were not inherited by them, but occurred spontaneously at their conception, increasing their risk for developing the disorder.
Christopher Astacio reads with his daughter Cristina, 2, who was recently diagnosed with a mild form of autism, New York, March 28, 2012.
Photo: AP
Christopher Astacio reads with his daughter Cristina, 2, who was recently diagnosed with a mild form of autism, New York, March 28, 2012.



One study found that having the rare genetic mutations could increase by 5 to 20 times a child's risk of developing autism spectrum disorders.  These disorders range from mild cognitive delays and developmental impairments such as Asperger's syndrome to profound social dysfunctions and repetitive behaviors.  Autism is being diagnosed, on average, in one of every 88 children in the United States, according to a recent government estimate.

Another study turned up biological evidence to support previous observations that the mutations are four times more likely to originate in male DNA than in the female DNA, and are more likely to appear in children of middle-aged and older fathers than in those of fathers younger than 35.  Researchers speculate that the frequent turnover in a male's sperm cells increases the chance for errors in the genetic copying process.  When a parent transmits such a transcription error to his offspring, the result can be a genetic mutation in the child that can cause autism.  But researchers stress the risk of getting one of these badly-copied genes is extremely small.

The mutations, also called "de novo" mutations, are spontaneous abnormalities that scientists say are distributed widely across the genome of affected children.  They account for a very small percentage of diagnosed cases of autism, a diverse family of disorders with a variety of suspected genetic and environmental causes.

Mark Daly of the Center for Human Genetics at the Broad [BROH-de] Institute at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, led one of the studies.  Daly says the the findings give autism researchers a starting point to better understand the biology of the disorder.

"So it doesn't explain all of autism and, in fact, more than half of the cases of autism don't have these types of mutations," said Daly. "But because they are very rare, they allow us to pinpoint when we see multiple kids with autism with mutations in the same gene."

Scientists say there could be hundreds of mutated autism genes that code for proteins responsible for brain development.  In the studies, all 549 children had the de novo mutations and their parents did not, allowing researchers to compare the genes of their children to that of their mothers and fathers, leading to the discovery of the DNA glitches.

Thomas Lehner is head of genomics  at the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, which funded one of the studies.  Lehner says the latest findings point researchers toward understanding the biological architecture of autism.

"And even better, we can design experiments that will help us get to point where we say, 'We are now able to understand a large proportion of the genetic variants - what we call a genetic liability - to autism,'" said Lehner.

The latest studies give researchers new drug targets for treating autism.  Mark Daly of the Broad Institute says scientists have seen promising results in animal studies.

"It's possible to reverse some of these symptoms in mice, even after the brain is developed," he said. "So it underscores that anything we think we know, we really are not sure of, as it pertains to diseases and disorders of the brain."

Scientists hope to identify many more autism genes within a few years.

The three studies on the discovery of de novo genetic mutations in autism are published jointly in the journal Nature.

Theo www.voanews.com

Riff

may de ban | school teacher |

Why the Old-School Music Snob Is the Least Cool Kid on Twitter

Tom Gauld
By ALEXANDRA MOLOTKOW
Published: April 6, 2012
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My friend Lily and I met in 2004 at a showcase for a record label that bartered cassette tapes in exchange for things like drawings and telling jokes. I was there to perform some songs I had recorded on my dad's four-track using chopsticks for drumsticks; Lily was there to support her boyfriend, who was playing in a band led by our mutual friend's 13-year-old brother. We hit it off, and after that we often went together to see bands play in local out-of-the-way venues, like the dilapidated shack down an alleyway or the basement nightclub that was perpetually flooded with toilet water. The bands were often lousy, but that didn't matter to us. What mattered to us was that no one else knew anything about them.

At the time, it was very cool to know about obscure music. We were a few scant years out of the boy band/Limp Bizkit era, and Pearl Jam clones were still proliferating, each one worse than the last (Stone Temple Pilots > Creed > Nickelback). Hyped-up bands like the Strokes were marketed to seem independent, while independent bands like Death From Above 1979 and the Shins were being sought by advertisers and filmmakers in search of an edge. When the movie " Garden State " came out, the Shins — whose song " New Slang ," according to Natalie Portman, was going to change Zach Braff's life — were dead to us. To our minds, fake obscure was even worse than popular.

Obscure knowledge was once a kind of currency. To get it, you had to be in the loop. You had to know the right people to learn about the right bands. You had to know the right record stores to hear those bands. The right record stores, like the right comic and book and video stores, were manned by knowledge guardians who scared the bejeezus out of us, so the act of going in to these stores felt kind of intrepid.

Lily and I inherited an understanding, which we'd gleaned from Kurt Cobain, that corporate rock was the pits, and movies like " High Fidelity " taught us about the sacred tradition of knowledge passed from cool person to cool person to, eventually, us. When we got our own record-store jobs, we discovered that knowledge-guardian culture was pretty much exactly as depicted. We were as self-righteous and fraternal as cops, sustained by an ideology that dictated that the more obscure the band, the better.

The Internet existed then, but file-sharing was still new, or newish, and there were still tons of artists you would never find online. By the time we reached our sophomore year of college, though, file-sharing had gone bananas and was quickly making our music-store employers go broke. Music wasn't just free; it was everywhere: you could find it on blogs, YouTube and streaming Web sites, and you could read about it on Pitchfork , Wikipedia and Allmusic , without ever having to humiliate yourself in front of anyone mean.

Worse, file-sharing had rendered us, the knowledge guardians, irrelevant. Within a few years, knowledge had ceased to confer any distinction, and hoarding it had become about as socially advantageous as stamp collecting. Thanks to the Internet, cultural knowledge was now a collective resource. Which meant that being cool was no longer about what you knew and what other people didn't. It was about what you had to say about the things that everyone already knew about.

Two months ago, Lily sent me a YouTube link to the song "212," by the Harlem-born rapper Azealia Banks . Along with the song — which, fair warning, is quite profane — Lily mentioned that everyone seemed to be posting "212" on Facebook. So I listened — and several bars in, an intern popped into my office to announce that she loved the song and, not to brag or anything, she had been an early adopter: viewer No. 225,000.

Once I got over the embarrassment of being viewer No. 3,000,000, I realized something: the song was really good. Just as good as it had been 2,999,999 viewers ago.

In other words, there is no longer any honor in musical obscurity. If you can be popular on your own terms — if you can be Arcade Fire or Bon Iver and still win a Grammy — there is really no such thing as "selling out" anymore, unless you happen to sign a distribution deal with the Koch brothers. "I like the idea of our fans being a wide spectrum," the Black Keys' Patrick Carney told Rolling Stone for a recent cover article . "Whenever anybody talks about being uncomfortable about being at a show because there's a different type of person there, that's just straight . . . ignorance. I wouldn't want somebody like that to be a fan of us."

Populism is the new model of cool; elitists, rather than teeny-boppers or bandwagon-jumpers, are the new squares. There are now artists who sell out concerts while rarely getting played on commercial radio ( the Weeknd or Tori Amos, for instance), and there are commercial radio artists whom no one in most people's hipper circles has ever heard of because they listen exclusively to the Internet ( Lady Antebellum , Jake Owen — pretty much all of so-called new country).

A month ago, I was walking by the MuchMusic building (that's the Canadian MTV, though there is an actual Canadian MTV — nevermind) past a line of tween girls coiled around three city blocks. They were waiting for a boy band called One Direction , which, judging from my quick on-the-spot polling, seems to be some sort of tween version of the original Mr. Snuffleupagus: no one over 14 knows who they are. (Their debut album later entered the pop chart at No. 1.)

Pitchfork, the music Web site that is our era's Rolling Stone, made its name initially by writing obscurely about the obscure. Now it makes itself indispensable by doing the opposite: by interfacing between genres and across all levels of fame. As Richard Beck pointed out in an N+1 article , the site serves primarily as a reviews archive, delivering the party line on each release rather than sparking critical discourse about it (although the site's voice often reads like a satire of critical discourse). Crucially, Pitchfork exists to make sense of hip-hop and Top 40 for people who grew up listening to indie rock.

A similar reading applies to sites like Gawker and The AV Club , which are as much about telling us what to think about things as they are about telling us that those things exist in the first place. Contributors make no claim to objectivity; they're smart alecks whose job is to stamp the dough of information. Staying current is now a wild game of whack-a-mole. And knowing one thing about everything is much more important than knowing everything about one thing.

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This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:

Correction: April 8, 2012

The Riff column on Page 52 this weekend, about musical obscurity and how it is no longer an honor, misspells the surname of a singer about whom everybody knows something (or at least something other than her name). She is Lana Del Rey, not Ray.

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National Briefing | New England

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New Hampshire: Officer Killed, 4 Hurt in Shootout

By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Published: April 13, 2012
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One police officer was killed and four others were wounded Thursday in a shootout that began as part of a drug investigation in Greenland, a coastal town. The state attorney general, Michael Delaney, said the gunman and a woman remained holed up around 10:30 p.m., about four hours after the initial confrontation. The names of the officers were not immediately released because their relatives had not all been notified, but Greenland has just seven police officers.

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Catholic Bishops Urge Campaign for Religious Freedom

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The nation's Roman Catholic bishops issued a proclamation on Thursday calling for every priest, parish and layperson to participate in a "great national campaign" to defend religious liberty, which they said is "under attack, both at home and abroad."

By LAURIE GOODSTEIN
Published: April 12, 2012
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In particular they urged every diocese to hold a "Fortnight for Freedom" during the two weeks leading up to the Fourth of July, for parishioners to study, pray and take public action to fight what they see as the government's attempts to curtail religious freedom.

"To be Catholic and American should mean not having to choose one over the other," said the statement, issued by the bishops' ad hoc committee on religious freedom.

For more than half a year, the bishops have put the religious liberty issue front and center, but it has not yet galvanized the Catholic laity and has even further polarized the church's liberal and conservative flanks. In an election year, liberal Catholics have accused the bishops of making the church an arm of the Republican Party in the drive to defeat President Obama, an accusation the bishops reject.

"This ought not to be a partisan issue," the bishops say in their statement in a section addressed to political leaders. "The Constitution is not for Democrats or Republicans or Independents. It is for all of us, and a great nonpartisan effort should be led by our elected representatives to ensure that it remains so."

In the document, the bishops seek to explain that their alarm is not only about the mandate in the health reform act that requires even Catholic colleges and hospitals to have insurance plans that cover birth control. They cite seven examples of what they say are violations of religious freedom, including immigration laws in several states that they say make it illegal to minister to illegal immigrants.

They also assert that the government has violated the religious freedom of Catholics by cutting off contracts to Catholic agencies.

Several states have denied financing to Catholic agencies that refused to place foster children with gay parents. And the federal government refused to reauthorize a grant to a Catholic immigration organization that served victims of sex trafficking because, as a Catholic group, it would not provide or refer women to services for abortion and birth control.

Quoting from the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s " Letter from a Birmingham Jail ," the bishops say that unjust laws should be either changed or resisted.

"In the face of an unjust law," the bishops wrote, "an accommodation is not to be sought, especially by resorting to equivocal words and deceptive practices. If we face today the prospect of unjust laws, then Catholics in America, in solidarity with our fellow citizens, must have the courage not to obey them."

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Around The Block

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Infiniti's Cheetah: The Blue Period

Nissan North America

PAINT YOUR WAGON The FX35 Limited Edition comes in only one color, Iridium Blue. The wheels are exclusive, too.

By EZRA DYER
Published: April 6, 2012
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TESTED: 2012 Infiniti FX35 Limited Edition

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WHAT IS IT? A five-passenger all-wheel-drive relative of the Nissan 370Z sports car.

HOW MUCH? $52,950, which is $6,850 more than an FX35 AWD. But the Limited Edition includes the Premium Package ($4,150 on other versions), with an around-view monitor, navigation system and front seats that can be heated or cooled.

WHAT MAKES IT RUN? 3.5-liter V-6 (303 horsepower, 262 pound-feet of torque), 7-speed automatic.

IS IT THIRSTY? The FX prioritizes performance over fuel economy; the E.P.A. rating is only 16 m.p.g. in town and 21 m.p.g. on the highway.

I'M on the phone with a fellow automotive journalist when his end of the conversation is pre-empted by the raspy snarl of an engine straining toward its redline. I can't identify many engines just by their sounds — except for oddballs like a Bentley W-12 or Subaru flat 4 — but even over the phone, I recognize this sonic signature.

"Are you driving an Infiniti with a V-6?" I ask. He replies, "Yes, I'm driving an FX35." I feel as though I should win a prize — or maybe Infiniti's engineers should, for tuning a mainstream V-6 to produce a hard-edged burble that's recognizable even through a tiny iPhone speaker.

The FX is a fundamentally strange beast, a crossover that shares its rear-wheel-drive platform with Nissan and Infiniti sports cars. Those rear-drive bones help to distinguish the FX from the sea of quasi-S.U.V.'s that ride on stretched front-drive-sedan platforms, an ever-growing mob that includes Infiniti's new three-row JX (a branch of the Nissan Maxima family tree.)

After nine years, the styling is familiar, but let's not forget that Infiniti once described the FX as a "bionic cheetah." I think it looks like a jacked-up extraterrestrial insect, and I mean that as a compliment.

The FX's last redesign came in 2009, so Infiniti needed to create some midcycle interest. You know what that means: it's time for a special edition. The FX35 AWD Limited Edition is essentially a trim package with distinctive blue paint and exclusive graphite-finish 21-inch wheels. Only 550 Limited Editions will be built for the United States.

A special color scheme sounds like a weak excuse for a distinct model, but the Iridium Blue paint is so striking that passers-by stop for a second look. In shadow, the color mimics a sedate shade of navy blue, but in sunlight the hue changes into bright, bottomless metallic liquid. Unlike other distinctive paint jobs (like a matte finish or the unfortunate shade that Ford calls "cinnamon"), I suspect this one will age well.

However, Iridium Blue won't repair its own scratches. When the current FX was introduced, it included Scratch Shield, a novel coating that could "heal" scratches under exposure to sunlight. Infiniti quietly dropped Scratch Shield after a year, because customers suffered from overly high expectations of its rehabilitative capabilities. The technology was meant to handle a light scratch in the clear coat, but when a deep gouge didn't magically repair itself like the bad Terminator, the complaints rolled in. Now we're back where we started, with paint that can't fix itself at all. See, people, this is why we can't have nice things.

The deletion of Scratch Shield shows that Infiniti cares about its customer satisfaction ratings, as does a new perk called Infiniti Personal Assistant. For the first four years, FX owners have access to a personal concierge service. If you need a restaurant reservation, travel help or "assistance on a range of topics and tasks," there's a team of assistants operating a 24-hour hotline. Remember, it's their job to help, not to ask why you need a clown sent to Denny's at 4 a.m.

If you want to test the personal assistants further, you might call and ask them to help you distinguish the difference in front-end styling between the 2011 FX and the 2012 model. I'd say that the 2011 grille looked rapacious and the 2012 appears self-satisfied, but only FX owners are likely to notice the change.

Behind the grille, the engines are the same. Infiniti offers a 390-horsepower V-8 in the FX50, but the FX35's high-revving V-6 is enjoyable in its own right. Its 303 horses are put to good effect by the 7-speed gearbox; visits to the 7,500 r.p.m. redline are accompanied by that singular bark.

The FX is nominally rear-wheel drive, sending torque to the front as needed, so it drives like an overgrown sports car — agile, balanced and willing to frolic in a way that front-drive crossovers can't match. Somehow, the Limited Edition even has a decent ride despite its colossal wheels.

Before the FX, I might have wondered why anyone would want a high-riding, low-roof utility with sports-car pretentions. Nearly a decade later, the FX has spawned a genre populated by mutants like BMW's X6 and Acura's ZDX. While the release of a limited edition hints at a fear of showroom stasis, last year the FX maintained its steady clip of about 10,000 sales, more than the X6 and ZDX combined. It's hard to catch up to a bionic cheetah.

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The Bay Citizen

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Berkeley Group Digs In to Challenge of Making Sense of All That Data

By JEANNE CARSTENSEN
Published: April 7, 2012
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It comes in "torrents" and "floods" and threatens to "engulf" everything that stands in its path.

The Bay Citizen

A nonprofit, nonpartisan news organization providing local coverage of the San Francisco Bay Area for The New York Times. To join the conversation about this article, go to baycitizen.org .

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No, it is not a tsunami, it is Big Data, the incomprehensibly large amount of raw, often real-time data that keeps piling up faster and faster from scientific research, social media, smartphones — virtually any activity that leaves a digital trace.

The sheer size of the pile (measured in petabytes, one million gigabytes, or even exabytes, one billion gigabytes) combined with its complexity has threatened to overwhelm just about everybody, including the scientists who specialize in wrangling it.

"It's easier to collect data," said Michael Franklin, a professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley , "and harder to make sense of it."

Making sense of Big Data is, in fact, a holy grail of computer science these days — and technology companies, academic institutions and the federal government are investing heavily in the endeavor.

And with Google, Facebook, Twitter and many other leading data-heavy technology companies based in the Bay Area, many locals are on the cutting edge of Big Data research.

Last month, the National Science Foundation awarded $10 million to Berkeley's A.M.P. Expedition, which stands for "algorithms machines people," a team of Cal professors and graduate students who take an interdisciplinary approach in their drive to advance Big Data analysis.

The group is working to build a new set of open source tools for the era of Big Data and is collaborating on cancer research with the University of California, San Francisco, and UrbanSim, an urban planning tool, among others.

The challenge is to combine traditional database science with new techniques that harness the power of cloud and cluster computing to handle the massive scale of today's data landscape.

"We'll judge our success by whether we build a new paradigm of data," said Mr. Franklin, director of A.M.P. Expedition.

The Berkeley group was founded in early 2011 and includes Google, SAP and Oracle as sponsors.

The grant is part of the Obama administration's "Big Data Research and Development Initiative," which will distribute $200 million. One of the more innovative aspects of the Berkeley group is its emphasis on the people part of dealing with Big Data.

"We recognize that humans do play an important part in the system," said Ken Goldberg, an artist, professor of robotics and new media, and faculty on A.M.P.

Mr. Goldberg has developed Opinion Space, a tool for online discussion and brainstorming that uses algorithms and data visualization to help gather meaningful ideas from a large number of participants.

Meanwhile, for every minute that it took you to read this article, 48 hours of video were uploaded to YouTube. According to the site, an overwhelming amount of material — about eight years of content — are added every day by users.

"We're trying to move from data as a problem to data as a resource," Mr. Franklin said.

jcarstensen@baycitizen.org

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Education Life Preview

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When a Hazing Goes Very Wrong

Todd Heisler/The New York Times

In his college application, George Desdunes wrote of the sacrifices his mother made "to help me achieve something with my life."

By MICHAEL WINERIP
Published: April 12, 2012
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IN the early-morning hours of that Friday in February 2011, at around 3 a.m., George Desdunes and another Cornell sophomore were sitting on a couch blindfolded, their wrists and ankles bound with zip ties and duct tape.

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Abhishek Shah/Cornell Daily Sun

The Sigma Alpha Epsilon house the morning of Mr. Desdunes's death.

They had been kidnapped and driven to a town house somewhere on campus, one of the annual hazing rites of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. This particular ritual worked in reverse of most hazing. It was the freshman pledges who kidnapped older students.

The two S.A.E. brothers were asked trivia questions about the fraternity. If they gave a wrong answer they were supposed to drink a shot of vodka. As George Desdunes's roommate would later tell the police, "The purpose is to tie up the brother and get him drunk."

The young man sitting on the couch beside Mr. Desdunes recalled downing four or five shots of vodka in 20 minutes and then vomiting into a garbage pail. The two were fed Pixy Stix, chocolate powder, strawberry syrup, a bite of a sandwich, hot sauce. "Something that felt like dish soap was dripped on my face," said the 20-year-old sophomore, whose name was redacted from the police report. He drank more shots and vomited again.

Students later provided differing opinions on how threatening it was to be kidnapped. Some said Mr. Desdunes could have been cut loose at any time just by asking. "It was meant to be fun," Edward Williams, a freshman pledge who was one of the kidnappers, told the police. Others wanted no part of it. Before going to bed, Mr. Desdunes's roommate at the fraternity had locked their door, to guard against being kidnapped.

Eventually, Mr. Desdunes passed out and was loaded into the back seat of a Honda Pilot belonging to one of the brothers. At the fraternity, it took several people to carry him to his room, but when they found it locked, he was brought to the library and left on a leather couch.

They tilted his head, said Mr. Williams, so "he would vomit onto the floor" and not choke. Then they walked downstairs to the kitchen, made themselves something to eat and went to bed.

The S.A.E. house was quiet a few hours later, at 6:45 a.m., when the cleaning man and his father arrived for work. The place was worse than usual. There had been a beer pong tournament that night. Plastic cups were strewn all over. Furniture was broken. The room smelled like stale Keystone Light. After finishing the toilets, the younger cleaner walked by the library and noticed a student in a brown hoodie lying still. "I could see what looked like vomit or mucous on his mouth," he told the police. "I tried to wake him by grabbing his foot to make sure he was O.K. There was no response." Mr. Desdunes's right pant leg was rolled up. One of the zip ties was around his ankle; a second zip tie with duct tape lay on the floor beside the couch.

The cleaners called 911.

When the police and firefighters arrived, they found an unresponsive male. He was not breathing, had no pulse and was cold to the touch. They laid him on the floor, cut off his sweatshirt, suctioned his throat and applied CPR. He was put on a stretcher and taken to a hospital in an ambulance.

The rescue workers remarked later that there was not a single fraternity brother in sight, just the cleaners, who told the police what they knew, then went downstairs to finish the kitchen.

HAZING is common on American campuses. A 2008 University of Maine study concluded that 55 percent of students who join fraternities, sororities, sports teams or other student groups experience it. On Wednesday night, officials at Binghamton University of the State University of New York, citing "an alarmingly high number of serious hazing complaints this spring," halted all recruiting and pledging for the rest of the semester while it investigates. Binghamton has more than 50 fraternity and sorority chapters. 

Hank Nuwer, a professor at Franklin College in Indiana who has written four books on the subject, says that as long as there have been universities, there has been hazing: in 1657, two Harvard upperclassmen were fined and suspended for hazing. Mr. Nuwer has counted 104 deaths involving hazing since 1970. In one high-profile case, a drum major in Florida A&M's Marching 100 was beaten to death in November during a hazing on the band bus. While no arrests were made in that case, seven band members have been arrested since then in two other hazing incidents. At Cornell, four students have been charged with hazing in connection with the Desdunes case and are scheduled to go on trial May 21.

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Michael Winerip writes the On Education column for The Times.

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US Expresses Concern about Malawi Power Transfer

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The United States says it wants to see a transfer of power in Malawi, following the death of the country"s president.



Malawi officials say President Bingu wa Mutharika died of a heart attack.

The U.S. State Department said Friday that Washington expects Malawi to observe its constitution, which lays out a clear path for succession.  The statement says the U.S. trusts that the vice president, who is next in line, will be sworn in soon.

Vice President Joyce Banda has clashed with Mutharika in the past.  He expelled her from the ruling party in 2010 and she formed her own political party, while remaining vice president.

Some information for this report was provided by AP, AFP and Reuters.

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